Lungless salamander don't have lungs so they aren't able to inhale in order to smell their surroundings. Instead, they use a special groove on their upper lips that move water and scent particles to their nostrils giving them access to the scents all around them! These amphibians obtain oxygen through their skin as well as mucus membranes of their mouths. Like geckos and anoles, lungless salamanders can drop, or autotomize, their tails when faced with danger. Some of them also release noxious chemicals through their skin which make them taste nasty to potential predators. Lungless salamanders require moist areas to survive but can be found from lowland areas to high in the mountains.
Scientific Name: Family - Plethodontidae
Range: the Americas as well as small patches of Europe and Asia
Size: 1 inch to over a foot (2.54 - 30.5cm)
Diet: worms, insects, sometimes each other
Lifespan: 5+ years
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Polvia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2G5fOvT4TY
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwssoutheast/8497631939
Andy Reago & Chrissy McClaren - https://www.flickr.com/photos/wildreturn/48832449512; https://www.flickr.com/photos/wildreturn/47615444792; https://www.flickr.com/photos/wildreturn/48831912438; https://www.flickr.com/photos/wildreturn/44428204592
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(Photo credit: Matthew L. Niemiller) Gladstone NS, Carter ET, Niemiller KDK, Hayter LE, Niemiller ML (2018) A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders. Subterranean Biology 28: 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.28.30506 - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gyrinophilus_gulolineatus_(10.3897-subtbiol.28.30506)_Figure_1.jpg
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Research:
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nature_Guide_to_the_Blue_Ridge_Parkway/jWtBBAAAQBAJ
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reptiles_and_Amphibians/MgN2dG_wqycC
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nature_Guide_to_Shenandoah_National_Park/rnZBBAAAQBAJ
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Salamanders/t6FhDwAAQBAJ
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Amphibians_and_Reptiles_of_New_York/ZazMa1YzV44C
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nature_Guide_Snakes_and_Other_Reptiles_a/WcX-AwAAQBAJ
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Community_Ecology_and_Salamander_Guilds/zyLpHnT0CfcC
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Plethodontidae
http://tolweb.org/Plethodontidae/15441
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/lungless-salamander
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Desmognathus_ochrophaeus
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Desmognathus_fuscus
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bolitoglossa
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Batrachoseps_campi
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aneides_lugubris
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